by and with: means, method, agent, tool

by ve with · B1 Orta öncesi seviye İngilizce dilbilgisi

by: araç, yöntem ve fail

by + ulaşım aracı (artikelsiz): by car, by bus, by plane (ama on foot). by + yöntem: pay by card, send by email. by + -ing: You can improve by practising. Edilgen cümlede eylemi yapan: The book was written by Orhan Pamuk. Ayrıca by mistake (yanlışlıkla), by chance (tesadüfen).

Kullanım	Örnek
Ulaşım	We went by train.
Yöntem	Can I pay by credit card?
by + -ing	He lost weight by walking every day.
Edilgen fail	The picture was painted by a child.
Kalıplar	by mistake, by chance, by hand, by heart

with: alet ve birliktelik

with, bir eylemi yaparken kullanılan aleti anlatır: She cut the bread with a knife. Ayrıca birliktelik: I went with my friends. Karşılaştır: The window was broken by a boy (kim kırdı) / The window was broken with a stone (ne ile kırıldı).

Türkçeden farkı: Türkçede "-la / -le" eki hem araç (otobüsle) hem alet (bıçakla) hem birliktelik (arkadaşımla) için kullanılır. İngilizcede ulaşım ve yöntem by, alet ve birliktelik with ile anlatılır. "Arabamla geldim" = I came in my car (by car, araç belirli değilse).

Sık yapılan hatalar

Yanlış	Doğru	Neden
I go to work with bus.	I go to work by bus.	Ulaşım: by.
She wrote it by a pencil.	She wrote it with a pencil.	Alet: with.
I came by the train.	I came by train.	by + artikelsiz.

Kendini dene

I came here ___ bus.

Seçenekler: by / with / on

Cevap: by. Ulaşım: by.

I opened your letter ___ mistake. Sorry!

Seçenekler: by / with / in

Cevap: by. by mistake.

He opened the door ___ a key.

Seçenekler: with / by

Cevap: with. Alet: with.

You can learn a lot ___ reading books.

Seçenekler: by / with

Cevap: by. by + -ing.

She paid ___ credit card.

Seçenekler: by / with / in

Cevap: by. Yöntem: by card.

Bu konunun bütün alıştırmaları, aralıklı tekrarı ve ilerleme takibi uygulamada.

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