Complex relative structures: whereby, wherein

Karmaşık ilgi yapıları · C2 Üst düzey seviye İngilizce dilbilgisi

whereby, wherein, whereupon

Resmî, hukuki ve akademik metinlerde, edat + which yapısının yerine tek kelimelik ilgi zarfları kullanılır.

Kelime	Anlam (= ...)	Örnek
whereby	by which, aracılığıyla	a system whereby students can borrow laptops
wherein	in which, içinde	the clause wherein the terms are defined
whereupon	after which, bunun üzerine	He insulted her, whereupon she left the room.
whence	from where (eski)	He returned to the village whence he came.
wherefore	neden (eski)	(edebî; günlük dilde kullanılmaz)

Diğer ileri ilgi yapıları

Yapı	Örnek
nicelik + of which / whom	a report, the conclusions of which were alarming
isim + of which (= whose, şey)	a house the roof of which was damaged
edat + which + mastar	a tool with which to measure distance
what (= the thing that)	What surprised me was his calm.
which (önceki cümleye)	He passed, which surprised everyone.

Türkçeden farkı: Türkçede resmî metinlerde "-dığı, ki bu yolla, bunun üzerine" gibi ifadeler kullanılır. İngilizcedeki whereby ve whereupon, sözleşmelerde, yasalarda ve akademik makalelerde sık görülür. Günlük konuşmada ise "a system where" ya da "and then" gibi daha basit ifadeler tercih edilir.

Sık yapılan hatalar

Yanlış	Doğru	Neden
a method whereupon data is collected	a method whereby data is collected	Aracılığıyla: whereby.
He shouted, whereby she left.	He shouted, whereupon she left.	Bunun üzerine: whereupon.
a pen with which writing	a pen with which to write	to + fiil.

Kendini dene

They introduced a scheme ___ employees can work from home.

Seçenekler: whereby / whereupon / whence

Cevap: whereby. Aracılığıyla: whereby.

She gave me a pen ___ to write.

Seçenekler: with which / which with / whereby

Cevap: with which. Edat + which + to.

The contract contains a clause ___ the company can end the agreement.

Seçenekler: whereby / whence / whereupon

Cevap: whereby. whereby.

He was told the news, ___ he fainted.

Seçenekler: whereupon / whereby / wherein

Cevap: whereupon. whereupon.

This is the document ___ the rules are set out.

Seçenekler: wherein / whereupon / whence

Cevap: wherein. wherein = in which.

Bu konunun bütün alıştırmaları, aralıklı tekrarı ve ilerleme takibi uygulamada.

Alıştırmaları çöz